Capital Structure in Finance - 1782 Words

The term capital structure in finance is the way a corporation finances its assets through the use of equity, debt, or hybrid securities (Ehrhardt Brigham, 2009). While equity and debt have long since been well known economic terms, hybrid securities is a relatively new concept. It essentially combines debt and equity and pays a set rate of return or dividend until a preset date, when the owner has a few options such as converting the securities into shares (Wikipedia). Capital structure is then simply the proportion of the corporations liabilities. For example, if a corporation has $2 billion dollars in equity and $8 billion dollars in debt, the ratio of debt to total financing is 80%, which also means it is 80% leveraged. In reality, there is not only two numbers, but there is a great deal of sources of the debt and equity which yields to the ratio of leverage. Another concept to consider is gearing ratio which refers to the percentage of capital the company uses from outside sour ces other than the companys own revenue, for example by short term business loans. The Modigliani-Miller theorem, which was created by Franco Modigliani and Merton Miller, was essentially the conceptual framework of modern capital structure. Unfortunately, the theorem relies heavily on disregarding many real life variables, however this does not distract from the main point of the theorem. Basically, the Modigliani-Miller theorem states that in a perfect world the modalities in which aShow MoreRelatedOptimal Capital Structure and Stock Price835 Words   |  3 Pages To put it simple way, first we have to understand optimal capital structure is maximizes a firm’s stock price, and the target capital structure is mix of the debt, preferred stock, and common equity the firm wants to have (Eugene and Joel 2009). The capital structure is also showing how a firm use different sources of funds to finances its overall operations and growth the stock price. Capital structure shows that how a firm’s assets have been established debt and equity, it is very important inRead MoreWhy Do Firms Choose Their Capital Structure?1623 Words   |  7 Pagesabout which securities to acquire and how to finance those investments: with equity, debt or a combination of both (Myers, 2001). The study of capital structure tries to clarify this variety of securities and financing opportunities. In accounting terms, this decision is situated on the right-hand side of the balance sheet (Myers, 2001). In his Capital Structure Puzzle article, Myers (1984) poses the question â€Å"How do firms choose their capital structure?†. But even today, there is no right solutionRead MoreArticles Relating to Capital Structure-Essay1658 Words   |  7 PagesContents :- Introduction on Capital Structure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 Summary and Evaluation of Articles†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..8 References/Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.9 â€Æ' Introduction On Capital Structure :- In the field of finance capital structure means a way an organization or firms finances their assets by the way of some mix and match of Equity, Debt or Hybrid Securities. The modern thinking on capital structure is based on the Modigliani-Miller theorem given by Franco ModiglianiRead MoreThe Importance Of Corporate Finance For An Entrepreneur1602 Words   |  7 PagesThis research has been conducted to examine the importance of corporate finance to an entrepreneur, and the role it plays in an organization regardless of the structure of a company, or stage of growth. The various forms of ownership are reviewed for startup companies and major corporations to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each form of ownership, and to illustrate the importance of corporate finance. To provide a balanced view of ownership, less common forms of business ownershipRead MoreCapital Structure Of A Company1285 Words   |  6 PagesSUMMARY/ABSTRACT The Part-I of this paper analyzes the Treasury Manager and his various approaches towards the Capital Structure, by showing arguments for and against each theory. We discuss about four types of approaches that may be taken by the treasury manager while considering the Capital Structure of a Company. We have discussed Rolls Royce PLC’s capital structure strategy and analyzed the capital structure of the company over the past 10 years using an empirical case/research. The Part-II of this paperRead MoreFinancial Capital Structure Essays1549 Words   |  7 PagesContents : Introduction on Capital Structure Summary and Evaluation of Articles Conclusion References/Bibliography Introduction On Capital Structure :- In the field of finance capital structure means a way an organization or firms finances their assets by the way of some mix and match of Equity, Debt or Hybrid Securities. The modern thinking on capital structure is based on the Modigliani-Miller theorem given by Franco Modigliani and Merton Miller. The theorem suggests that in a perfectRead MoreWorking Capital Management in Healthcare Essay1514 Words   |  7 PagesWorking Capital Management in Healthcare Houma Guy. HCS 579 Health Care Finance September 24, 2005 Working Capital Management in Healthcare Working capital is the money required to finance the day to day operations of an organization. Working capital may be required to bridge the gap between buying of stocked items to eventual payment for goods sold on account. Working capital also has to fund the gap when products are on hand but being held in stock. Products in stock are at full cost, effectivelyRead MoreCapital Structure Of A Company960 Words   |  4 PagesII. INTRODUCTION Capital structure is the proportion of debt and equity in which a corporate finances its business. The capital structure of a company/firm plays a very important role in determining the value of a firm. There are various theories which propagate the ‘ideal’ capital mix / capital structure for a firm. A corporate can finance its business mainly by 2 means i.e. debts and equity. However, the proportion of each of these could vary from business to business. A company can chooseRead MoreEquity Finance And Debt Finance823 Words   |  4 Pagescompany with the risk capital such as preference share owners and ordinary share owners (Freeman and Reed, 1983). Generally, stockholderis one of long-term finance providers with the aim to maximize their wealth.According toBrickleyet al. (1985), long-term finance providers are more likely to focus on the matter whether the financial structure in the company is sound or not and the durability of profitabilityrather than temporary profits that a potentially risky financial structure may bring. In additionRead MoreCapital Structure Of A Firm1670 Words   |  7 PagesThe capital structure of a firm describes the way in which a firm raised capital needed to establish and expand its business activities. It is a mixture of various types of equity and debt capital a firm maintained resulting from the firms financing decisions. In one way or another, business activity must be financed. Without finance to support their fixed assets and working capital requirements, business could not exist. In all aspects of capital investment decision, the capital structure decision

Causes and Effects of the War of 1812 - 1527 Words

Causes and Effects of The War of 1812 The nineteenth century brought major change to The United States turning it from a developing country into a world power. The addition of Alaska, Oregon, Texas, and Florida, the Mexican Cession and The Louisiana Purchase made The United States a world power. The War of 1812 catalyzed this great expansion. There were four main concerns that led to The War of 1812. Maritime and trade issues, the Embargo Act, territorial expansion, and War Hawks. Although they were major concerns, one alone did not start up the war. â€Å"On June 18, 1812, the United States declared war against Great Britain. In what is often called Americas second revolution, the countries were locked in a series of battles for more than†¦show more content†¦In a battle outside of Prophet’s town of Tippecanoe River, Prophet foolishly decided to attack American militiamen while they were sleeping. The town was torched in the battle that followed, and years of planning and organization was wasted. After this incident in June 1812, Tecumseh and a small company of Native Americans joined the British at Amherstburg. During the war, American’s called for an invasion of Canada mainly because the support the British gave to American Indians. In the Battle of Thames, Tecumseh died and an American victory is gained. The War Hawks were a number of young representatives voted into the twelfth congress. They were typically people from southern and western states like Henry Clay, Speaker of the House at the time, John Calhoun of Kentucky and Langdon Cheves of South Carolina who spoke in Congress advocating going to war with Great Britain. They believed it was our right to expansion, and declared that a thousand Kentucky riflemen could take on Canada alone. They expected the war to be short, considering the British were in Europe fighting Napoleon. Although opposed by the Federalist of New York, New Jersey, and most of New England, on June 18, 1812 James Madison declared war on Great Britain. â€Å"However the War Hawks had displayed much more energy in talking about war than in planning and preparing for war. At the beginning of hostilities there were about 7,000 men in the regular forces and theseShow MoreRelatedCause And Effects Of The War Of 18121061 Words   |  5 PagesEdgar Vasquez Mr. Gill AP USH 9 October 2017 War of 1812 The War of 1812 is one of many wars that the USA will go through. The war is the first war that the new America would take part of and will be the first time the USA will declare war. The war lasted from June of 1813 to February of 1815, this is a span of two years and eight months. The war was fought by the United State verses the British. The war took place in many locations around the world which include the United States, Canada, onRead MoreWhy we Fought in the War of 1812 Essay1102 Words   |  5 PagesWhy we Fought in the War of The war of 1812 is considered by some as the second war for independence.1 The United States had won its independence in 1783, but the British still treated the Americans as though they still had control of them. Americans resented the treatment they received from the British. They felt they were a free country and the British would not recognize them as so. This is believed by many to be the cause of the War of 1812, but no one act can be contributed as such. ThereRead MoreWar of 18121643 Words   |  7 PagesThe War of 1812 was a war between Britain and the United States fought primarily in Upper Canada. It had many causes, few which involved British North America. The results of the war include the fact that there was no clear winner or loser among them. The only real losers in the situation were the Natives in the region. They were driven out of their lands and customs. None of the borders was changed by the war, though many attempts were made. The Treaty of Ghent, which e nded the war, did nothingRead MoreThe War of 18121132 Words   |  4 PagesWar of 1812 The War of 1812 was started by America due to British encroachment on three fronts, trade restrictions imposed by the British, the increasing alliances of the British with Indian tribes blocking American expansion West, and due to British interference with merchant class ships in the Atlantic. The war was fought in the Great Lakes region between America and Canada, near New Orleans in the Gulf of Mexico, in the Atlantic trade routes, and around Washington DC. The British had alwaysRead More War of 1812 Essay1612 Words   |  7 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The War of 1812 was a war between Britain and the United States fought primarily in Upper Canada. It had many causes, few which involved British North America. The results of the war include the fact that there was no clear winner or loser among them. The only real losers in the situation were the Natives in the region. They were driven out of their lands and customs. None of the borders was changed by the war, though many attemp ts were made. The Treaty of Ghent, which ended the war, did nothingRead More The War of 1812 Essay1090 Words   |  5 Pages The War of 1812 was fought between the United States and England. Ending in 1815 with the Treaty of Ghent, the war did not accomplish any of the issues it was being fought over. For the US, the War of 1812 seemed to just be one failure after another. Although the military suffered great failure during the war, these were the direct consequence of the failure of the citizens to unite for the causes of the war. Because of these failures, it is quite valid to call the War of 1812 quot;Americas worst-foughtRead MoreA Short Note On The War Of 18121368 Words   |  6 Pages18 April 2016 War of 1812 The War of 1812 was a battle fought between the United States and Great Britain, along with help from Canada and the Native Americans, from June 18, 1812 to February 18, 1815. The United States declared war against Great Britain due to multiple disputes that included trade restrictions against the United States, the capture of American sailors and the support of Native American tribes fighting against American settlers. These issues led to the War of 1812 which AmericansRead MoreEssay about Nature’s Influence on the War of 18121690 Words   |  7 PagesNature’s Influence on the War of 1812 Mother Nature played a part in every event in history, including the War of 1812. The War of 1812 was a conflict between the United States of America and Great Britain that had been building for many years. By the end of the war however there was no clear victor and the issues that caused the conflict were never resolved. Nature played a crucial role in the outcome. Because of humanity’s natural strive for power, the living and fighting conditions ofRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On The Way War1703 Words   |  7 PagesJames Moore Mr. Brown Academy English 9 Honors 18 March 2015 After every battle of every war, troops are getting stronger, faster, and more accurate. Generals are getting smarter and creating more tactics and coming up with more battle strategies, but during all of this, the most drastic change is in the technology. Things are now becoming more computerized every day and it is very noticeable. Nowadays, everywhere you look no matter where at, a person with a smartphone, tablet, or computer willRead MoreThe War Of 1812 And The United States1427 Words   |  6 Pages The War of 1812 is the second war between the United States of America and Great Britain that ends in a draw. Also referred to as the â€Å"Second War of Independence,† the cause of this military conflict is often believed to be a direct result of England’s attempt to humiliate the United States, limit the country’s growth and impact (acts of interference towards American trade, which is a sign of disrespect towards American independence), and acts of impr essment (taking sailors off American vessels

Rana Plaza overview - Clean Clothes Campaign free essay sample

Rana Plaza, the collapsed eight-story commercial building located in Dhakas outskirt Savar, which housed several shops, a bank and garment factories, is the painful symbol of the grave tragedy encountered by garment workers.On 23 April 2013 large structural cracks were discovered in the Rana Plaza building. The shops and the bank on the lower floors immediately closed. But warnings to avoid using the building after the cracks appeared were ignored by the garment factory owners on the upper floors.Garment workers were ordered to return to work the following day. Due to management pressure, on Wednesday 24 April thousands of workers went to work again at their garment factories located in the cracked Rana Plaza building. Only hours later the entire building collapsed. Including rescue workers, 1138 workers were killed. Nearly 2600 workers were injured, many of them for the rest of their life. Many of the survivors had been trapped under tons of rubble and machinery for hours or even days before they could be rescued, sometimes only by amputating limbs. We will write a custom essay sample on Rana Plaza overview Clean Clothes Campaign or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This gruesome tragedy has devastated the lives of thousands of workers and of the families of the deceased and injured. Their sufferings are horrific and require immediate and long-term medical care and compensation.The deceased and injured workers in the Rana Plaza tragedy were producing garments for North American and European high street brands when their factories collapsed. A number of brands have acknowledged recent production or orders with these factories. Brands that were sourcing from the factories in Rana Plaza building include Benetton (Italy), Bon Marche (UK), Cato Fashions (USA), The Childrens Place (USA), El Corte Ingles (Spain), Joe Fresh (Loblaws, Canada), Kik (Germany), Mango (Spain), Matalan (UK), Primark (UK/Ireland) and Texman (Denmark).The unprecedented scale of the Rana Plaza and previous tragedies including the fire in the Tazreen factory underlined the need for a coordinated, systematic approach to ensure fire and building safety in the Bangladesh garment industry.In May 2013 the Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh was published and subsequently signed by over 150 companies. Factory inspections have started and the first renovation plans have been published. Also, Rana Plaza victims are to receive compensation under the Rana Plaza Arrangement.The Arrangement is an unprecedented coordinated approach to ensure all those wh o have suffered due to the collapse will receive payments to cover the loss of income and medical costs. However, many implicated companies still need to pay up to the Arrangements Donor Trust Fund. In 2014, CCC and its allies are demanding that brands pay their long overdue contributions. Meanwhile, engaging with trade unions in Bangladesh is the fundamental and first step to ensure safety for the workers in the garment industry.

Romeo and Juliet is a tragic story of forbidden love Essay Example

Romeo and Juliet is a tragic story of forbidden love Paper Romeo and Juliet is a tragic story of forbidden love. The whole play from Romeo and Juliet meeting, falling in love, marriage and tragic end, all happens within five days. It is a story of intense love and all consuming hatred between two families. The two families involved, the Montagues and the Capulets, despise each other. Romeo, a Montague and Juliet, a Capulet, meet at a feast and instantly fall in love. However due to the hatred between the two families we know at the beginning that their relationship is doomed and that the love story will not have a happy ending. Act three scene five is the basis of the story. It is during this act that Romeo and Juliet meet, so intense is their attraction to each other that they secretly marry the next day. The marriage alone would cause enough trouble but the situation is made worse when Tybalt, a Capulet and Juliets cousin murders Romeos best friend Mercutio (a Montague) Romeo takes revenge and murders Tybalt, He is caught and banished. Juliet does not know at this stage that it is her husband who has killed her cousin. We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet is a tragic story of forbidden love specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet is a tragic story of forbidden love specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet is a tragic story of forbidden love specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer During this scene Juliets parents have been arranging her marriage to the County Paris. Juliet is unaware of this, as are her parents unaware of her marriage to Romeo. The scene is set in Juliets bedroom where she is weeping. Lady Capulet presumes her tears are for her dead cousin and informs Juliet that the murderer is known to be Romeo. Juliet is even more upset by this news. The words spoken by Juliet during this scene all have double meanings for example Oh how my heart abhors to hear him named and cannot come to him, to wreak the love I bore my cousin upon his body that hath slaughtered him! The real meaning being that she wants to be able to love and comfort Romeo and be with him in his hour of need. Lady Capulet delivers the news of the forthcoming marriage Marry, my child early next Thursday morn, that has been arranged for Juliet the coming Thursday, expecting Juliet to be delighted and lifted from her sad mood. During this scene Lady Capulet would be happy and excited bestowing such an honour upon her daughter her demeanour would be softer and favourable towards her daughter. Shall happily make thee there a joyful bride Juliet is absolutely horrified by the news he shall not make me there a joyful bride. I wonder at this haste, that I must wed she tells her mother that she is too young and is too upset following her cousins death to contemplate marriage. Juliet is stalling here, as she needs more time to sort out the dreadful position she finds herself in, she refuses to marry. Again delivering lines that have double meanings, I will not marry yet, and when I do, I swear it shall be Romeo, whom you know I hate, rather than Paris This is a good example of double irony as the audience will know that she would rather be married to Romeo where as her mother would believe the opposite. Capulet appears on the scene and is initially the caring Father, he is sympathetic of his daughters grief, as he is unaware of the truth behind it, but for the sunset of my brothers son it rains downright. How now, a conduit, girl? What, still in tears? He also believes his daughter will be overjoyed at the news of her marriage as he sees it as a great honour and a tremendous opportunity for her for which she should be grateful. After Juliets mother washes her hands of her she turns to the nurse expecting comfort, as the nurse is the only person who knows the truth of the situation with Romeo. However the nurse also turns and tells Juliet to marry the county Paris. She insults Romeo comparing him unfavourably with the county Paris. Romeos a dishclout to him. An eagle, Madame, hath not so green, so quick, so fair an eye as Paris hath. She is disappointed with the nurses words and feels betrayed by her, as the nurse knows how much she loves Romeo and how unhappy she would be to marry Paris. I feel the nurse is thinking of whats best for Juliet knowing that Romeo is as good as dead because if Romeo was to return he would surely be killed but she is also thinking of her self and whats best for herself, her own position, if she sided with Romeo she would also be banished and loose her place in the capulet house hold. Marriages during Elizabethan high class families were more often than not arranged by the parents, mainly as business deals to keep wealth, land and power within certain families. The audience of this era would not be shocked by this story line, as it was normal for their time. A modern day audience would find this shocking and unfair as in todays society we are free to choose who we marry and do not need our parents consent once we reach the age of sixteen. Most marriages today are based on love not business. The Elizabethan audience would be more shocked by Juliet disobeying her parents and that she would have the courage to marry Romeo without their knowledge or consent. Females of this period were subordinate and should not have a mind of their own let alone act of their own free will. Today we would admire her courage and applaud her for standing by her beliefs. Women today have equal rights to men and are free to make their own decisions. It would be normal practise today to meet and marry a person we fell in love with without obtaining permission from our Fathers. When Lady Capulet tells her husband that Juliet has refused the marriage his whole persona changes as has hers. Capulet becomes very angry and feels let down, how, will she none? Doth she not give us thanks? Is she not proud? Doth she not count her blest, he is shocked that his daughter would dare to go against his wishes and turn down the honour of such a good match.unworthy as she is, that we have wrought so worthy a gentleman to be her bride? He also sees that this will cause him immense embarrassment as he should be able to control his daughter and in not doing so will look weak. During this scene I think that Juliet should be dressed in a white night gown, with her long hair hanging down. This would make her look young and innocent. She should be sitting on the bed with her shoulders slumped and hands entwined, this would give an image of vulnerability so getting the sympathy of the audience. Her Father should be dressed in dark clothes, looming above her, thus making her look small and frightened again evoking sympathy. He should then begin pacing the room throwing his arms around and shouting. How how, how how, chopt-logic? What is this? Proud, and I thank you, and I thank you not and yet not proud, mistress minion you? This would make him seem foreboding and the audience would begin to dislike him and side even more with Juliet. Lady Capulet would add to this image if she to were dressed in severe clothing and stood with a severe look on her face condemning her daughter in a disappointed and angry voice that she is not exited about the marriage ay, sir, but she will none, she gives you thanks. I would the fool were married to her grave. The audience would feel that Juliet was overpowered by her domineering parents, and want her to be the victor. Once Capulet and Lady capulet have left the nurse should sit beside Juliet on the bed the audience would see this as a sign of comfort to Juliet. Juliet is looking for sympathy comfort me, council me. Because she expects it because the nurse is the only one who knows Juliets true thoughts and feelings. The nurse isnt showing much comfort to the way Juliet feels completely the opposite she tells Juliet to forget Romeo Romeo is banished, and the world to nothing that he dares neer come back to challenge you; or if he do, it needs must be by stealth. Juliet feels alone thinking that the nurse was on her side and that she could confide in the nurse at this point in the scene the nurse goes to put her arm around Juliet to reassure her its for the best but Juliet disagrees and should stand to her feet and move away and sit at her dressing table this would show she feels forsaken she should stare at her reflection sticking to her own opinion so many thousand times? Go, counsellor, thou and my bosom henceforth shall be twain. Ill to the Frair to know his remedy; if all else fail, myself have power to dies. I feel that when Shakespeare wrote this play that he told us of the pending tragedy at the beginning of the story to make us sympathise with Romeo and Juliet throughout the play. It makes the audience want things to work out for them even though they know the relationship is doomed. We find ourselves looking for someone to blame throughout the play although I felt it was easier to blame the era rather than one particular character. As for Shakespeare believing in arranged marriages; I think he didnt, reason being it is shown throughout Romeo and Juliet how arranged marriages dont work and make bad things happen. In this case Juliet runs away.

Teaching ICT at School Reasons, Concerns and Solutions

Teaching ICT at School Reasons, Concerns and Solutions Abstract Purpose Over the past few years, the significance of information and computer technologies has multiplied several times. New media has opened a pool of opportunities in every single field, increasing the pace of globalization and contributing to business development.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Teaching ICT at School: Reasons, Concerns and Solutions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Methods The given study is going to provide the themes that should be taught in ICT classes in schools so that students could be able to use the latest technologies to their advantage in studying, learn about the mechanism of their cognitive process and become lifelong learners. Results The introduction of the ICT principles into the education system will help teachers acquire new skills more efficiently. In the course of the research, an overview of the key ICT themes was done. Discussion The results have shown that, amo ng the ICT themes that should be viewed as the school material, digital literacy, informational systems and human communication in ICT should be listed. Introduction: Nature of the Problem There is no secret that with the advent of information technologies, the landscape of communication, business and media has changed radically. Information technology has leaked into very single area and aspect of people’s lives, and it has become crucial to learn to use these changes to people’s advantage; for instance, ICT teaching can shed some light on mobile learning (El-Hussein Cronge, 2010). However, introducing ICT into the school curriculum is fraught with numerous difficulties. Statement of Purpose, Scope and General Method The purpose of the given paper is to define the themes of ICT that should be taught to students at school, as well as the methods for teaching the aforementioned themes. Seeing how the given topic is rather broad, the scope of the paper will concern the themes that can be taught to high school and college students. As for the research method, the principle of grounded theory is going to be used in order to design the basic patterns for teaching ICT. The principle of grounded theory is going to be the key method. Hypothesis Because of the opportunities in terms of technology and communication that ICT opens in front of teachers and students, it is most reasonable to use ICT as the means to accomplish such goals as the shift from an old to a relatively new teaching paradigm (EACEA, 2009, 14), more opportunities for teacher education (UNESCO, 2005, 55 55) and professional development (EACEA, 2009, 14), more efficient classroom management (EACEA, 2009, 14), better cooperation between schools (EACEA, 2009, 14) and availability of the necessary equipment (EACEA, 2009, 14). The given goals can be achieved by introducing such topics as research and e-awareness, communication, control and science, modeling and simulation and handling data.A dvertising Looking for assessment on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Methods As it has been stressed above, the principles of the grounded research were used in the course of defining the key ICT themes to be taught in schools. The key characteristics of a good ICT lesson are going to be defined and most reasonable and efficient strategies for teaching ICT are going to be distinguished. Finally, the challenges regarding ICT teaching at schools will be outlines, and basic means of addressing these challenges will be provided. Results Results and Original Hypothesis An efficient use of interactive materials is a good method of introducing students to the opportunities provided by the ICT, (Eurydice, 2011, 10). The given approach is crucial in that it allows for demonstrating students the benefits of the ICT in a very graphic way. More to the point, the given method helps students apply the acquired skills to practice immediately after these skills were learned, as it was done in Malaysian schools in 2002 (Chan, 2002, 2). The third option that teachers have in terms of methods of teaching ICT to students in schools is to utilize such strategies as project-based learning, personalized learning, individualized, or student-centered, learning, scientific investigations and online learning (Eurydice, 2011, 43). The given methods are equally important, since, though having seemingly different characteristics, they are all targeted at the same goal, i.e., developing students’ independence in the use of ICT. The issue regarding classroom management should also be brought up. As ESEA report says, classroom management process becomes considerably easier with the introduction of the ICT technologies, which allows both students and teachers to focus on the class activities and, therefore, creates the most appropriate learning and teaching environment. Trends Discussion ICT helps students in their meta-cognition process. Phelps and Graham’s study shows that the integration of ICT into meta-cognition process led to rather fruitful results in fourteen schools (Phelps Graham, 2008, 129). At certain points, the goals of ICT studying and meta-cognition cross – both are aimed at helping students recognize the necessity to engage in lifelong learning and choose the best method for self-learning. As Shannon (2008) put it, it is possible â€Å"to become a self-directed learner using metacognition† (Shannon, 2008, 14). Seeing how ICT allows for encouraging self-learning in students (Eurydice, 2011, 43), it seems reasonable to use meta-cognition strategies as the basis for teaching ICT in schools.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Teaching ICT at School: Reasons, Concerns and Solutions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, ICT clearly affects the teachers’ competence and pro fessionalism as well. ICT provides a plethora of opportunities for professional growth, including fast acquisition of new information, cooperation with other experts and availability of a number of training programs. The last but definitely not the least, such function of ICT as a better control over the technological aspect of the lesson helps teachers focus on the communication with students rather than managing equipment. Finally, more efficient time management is also an obvious advantage. Discussion It would be wrong to claim that there are no tangible problems concerning teaching ICT in schools. To start with, the changes to the curriculum that the inclusion of ICT classes demand is most likely trigger considerable organizational issues, especially regarding time management. According to the data provided above, in most cases, the introduction of the ICT studies came at the cost of other subjects. Therefore, when providing students with a chance to learn using the ICT technolo gy, one must make the required changes to the curriculum and the rest of the classes. To solve the aforementioned issue, it will be most reasonable to apply the principle of online teaching mentioned above. The given approach allows for students to have a more flexible schedule and to choose the time management system that they prefer and that suits them best. Thus, the following themes must be presented in the ICT curriculum: Research and e-awareness; Communication; Control and science; Modeling and simulation; Handling data. Of all the themes mentioned above, the issue regarding research and e-awareness seems the most important one. It allows for both motivating students for learning more and becoming independent in their research. Therefore, the given theme must be the course priority. Conclusion With the advent of information and computing technologies, people’s social, personal and, most importantly, academic life has changed greatly. While the new options opened for s tudents seem rather alluring, including ICT into the school curriculum might be quite a problem.Advertising Looking for assessment on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In order to avoid the possible issues, it is necessary to choose the strategy that will allow teachers to supervise students instead of babysitting them in their ICT exploration. Thus, students will have an opportunity to both learn to use ICT efficiently and to become lifelong learners. Reference List Chan, F. M. (2002). ICT in Malaysian schools: Policy and strategies. Retrieved from http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/apcity/unpan011288.pdf EACEA (2009). Study of the impact of technology in primary schools. Retrieved from http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/llp/studies/documents/study_impact_technology_primary_school/brochure291009_en.pdf El-Hussein, M. O. M., Cronje, J. C. (2010). Defining mobile learning in the higher education Landscape. Educational Technology Society, 13(3), 12–21. Eurydice (2011). Key Data on Learning and Innovation through ICT at School in Europe 2011. Retrieved from http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/education/eurydice/documents/key_data_series/129E N.pdf Phelps, R. Graham, A. (2008). Developing technology together, together: A whole-school metacognitive approach to ICT teacher professional development. Journal of Computing in Teacher Education, 24(4), 125–133. UNESCO (2005). ICTs for secondary education. Retrieved from http://iite.unesco.org/pics/publications/en/files/3214640.pdf

Product market cyclicality exerts a powerful influence on a car Essay - 1

Product market cyclicality exerts a powerful influence on a car assembler's sales, value added, cash flow and profit performanc - Essay Example Marketing strategies are guided by the product life cycle stages. This is because as a product moves through its life cycle, competition, pricing, distribution, promotion, and market information strategies need periodic evaluations and alterations. The life cycle of a product begins prior to the product’s entry to the market. It involves the introduction, growth, maturity, and decline phases. 1. Introductory phase. This phase begins when a product is introduced in to the market for the first time. Initial sales for a product are usually rather small, and a high percentage of products characterise this phase. The product however receives approval from its producers followed by purchases from early adopters. â€Å"Satisfaction, reinforced by marketing communication, leads to repurchasing and, as soon as sales increase further, the product exits this phase† (Cant, Strydom, Jooste, and Du Plessis, 2006, p.242). 2. Growth phase. During this phase, sales in the target market grow mainly as a result of purchases by many early consumers, and increase in repurchasing. Greater force is impacted to the demand for the product, as competitors with similar products enter the target market. 3. Maturity phase. This phase is characterised by levelling of a product’s sales growth and demand. Additional competitors with similar products enter the target market. ... 4. Decline phase. During this phase, a rapid decline is experienced in sales and the target market. As a result of this, marketers may exclude some products from the product line, to remove products that do not earn profits. The product life cycle is very significant since it helps in the development of new products. This is because through a developed product, management is able to gain knowledge on how to develop a new product, or improve an existing product. It also helps in profit prediction, since the amount of profits depends on the amount of turnover. Therefore’ â€Å"the management can well predict the firm’s profits in different stages of the life-cycle of the product† (Bose, 2010, p.70). With good knowledge of the product life cycle, it is possible to prepare marketing programmes. This is necessary in order to highlight the different policies, procedures, and strategies needed to be applied at the different phases of a product life cycle. Influence of t he Product Market Cycle on Car Assembler’s Sales Sales and profitability of cars just like other products vary at every phase of their life cycle. By being aware about the market cycle of cars, car assemblers are able to take better advantage of their market positions on motor vehicle sales. Good knowledge of the car life cycles provides crucial indicators to car assemblers on when to launch new cars, when to move to new markets, and when to diversify their car models. This is because through the car life cycle, car assemblers are able to analyse categories of cars, their forms, brands and models. In recent times, there has been a move towards the manufacture and assembly of environmental friendly vehicles. Such vehicles have very little impact on the environment and are

The case of the aids patient with Pneumonia Essay

The case of the aids patient with Pneumonia - Essay Example HIV attacks any cell with this binding structure. The white blood cells or T cells of the immune system, which coordinate disease-fighting mechanisms, are especially vulnerable to HIV attack. Of these certain T cells known as CD4 cells are most vulnerable. While infecting a CD4 cell, the HIV utilizes the genetic tools within the cell to replicate itself and then leaves the cell, destroying it in the process. Medical treatment cannot eradicate HIV once it has integrated into human cells. Reduction in the number of CD4 cells exposes a person to all infections as these cells assist other types of immune cells to respond to invading organisms. There are about a1, 000 CD4 cells per micro liter of blood in an average healthy person. The HIV destroys CD4 cells over a period of time, diminishing the cells' protective ability and weakening the immune system. The infected person becomes exposed to nearly 26 infections and rare cancers, which take advantage of the weakened immune defenses to cause disease when this density reduces to 200 cells per micro liter of blood (AIDS). Retroviruses were known as RNA tumor viruses as they have RNA and not DNA, genomes. These were known to cause certain cancers in animals. Howard Temin, in the middle of the twentieth century, studied them and discovered the genetic-like stability of the uncontrolled cell growth caused by these viruses. He proposed the provirus hypothesis, in which RNA tumor viruses cause permanent alterations to cells by integrating into host chromosomes, by virion RNAs which first convert into DNAs and then become integrated (Reverse Transcriptase). HIV infection occurs when a person comes into contact with blood, semen, vaginal secretions or breast milk infected with this virus. It is acquired by having sexual relations with an infected person, using hypodermic needles or by the pricking with an infected needle and by the transfer of the virus from an infected mother to her baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or breast-feeding (AIDS). Jerry is suffering from PCP, a kind of pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis carinii (p. carinii). This afflicts People with weak immune systems. It's the most common serious infection in people with advanced HIV disease in the United States. (Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia (PCP) and HIV). "Pneumocystis pneumonia is caused by P. carinii, a fungus formerly considered to be a protozoan. Its fungal classification is based in part on 16S ribosomal RNA similarities to fungi, particularly ascomycetes, with spore cases. Its staining with the Gomori methenamine silver stain for fungi also supports its new class ification"(Warnock. 1999). Hence the blood cultures will be negative for bacteria and antibiotics will be of no avail. Surgeons are at the greatest risk of contact with patients' blood and body fluids. Hence, breaches in gloving material are to be avoided. In a study it was found that 17.4% of the surgeons had skin abrasions. 32glove perforations were observed, of which 22were in the outer glove and 10in the inner glove. Only four outer glove perforations had matching inner glove perforations, thus indicating that in 82% of cases when the outer glove is perforated the inner glove will protect the surgeon's hand from contamination. It is recommended that double gloves are used routinely in all surgical procedures in view of the significantly higher protection it